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From bedrock to coal to shale and limestone, rocks are all around us and are used in our daily lives to provide comfort and convenience. International Rock Day, celebrated on July 13th, celebrates one of the oldest materials known to man. Rocks have been used as tools and have been essential to our human civilization and survival since the dawn of man.
Have you noticed throughout your day you encounter rocks virtually everywhere you look? The water filter in your refrigerator uses rocks. The salt used to season our food started out as a giant rock. Rocks are polished and cut to make jewelry and art. They are ground and mixed with other products to create the drywall that covers your walls. They are used in their natural state for landscaping - for function and for aesthetics. Rocks, specifically coal, are used for power generation. There are endless ways that rocks impact our lives.
Almost all types of building materials used for paving roads, floors/foundations or various other structures including bridges come from rocks. Civil Engineers can use rocks to prevent erosion, provide support, and stabilize slopes. Some specific uses of rocks in engineering designs include riprap, gabions, retaining walls, and berms.
Riprap consists of a layer of very large stones interlocked together and acts to stabilize and protect the surface against erosion and scour in areas of concentrated flow such as a shoreline. Gabions combine rocks with metal cages and can serve as a strong system that will slow the velocity of the water to resist heavy water flow. Because of the many ways to design the metal boxes and cost efficiency, gabions can be found anywhere from your backyard landscaping to military bases. Berms are used to separate two areas to enhance drainage and are usually constructed with gravel and compacted soil or fill dirt.
Rocks are a universal material used by architects, contractors, and engineers alike. With so many varieties of rock, understanding the properties of different types of stone as well as the sizing for each application is of utmost importance. Engineers and other design professionals choose what material will be used in their design to enhance the performance and functionality of each structure based on public safety, associated costs, conditions, design loads, and its intended use.